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In the first chapter is an introduction for enter the topics which will studied in this book. The topics that will be studied throughout this book is not only including organization theory in the same manner as at organization theory books. There is some of special part which expressly given, that is to see the character of administration knowledge in some certain topics. According to Robbins (1990: xxi), organization theory is the most interest discipline which we need to collaborated and the most relevant in administrative science. Because of that we need to collaborate this opinion with shown the special segments about administration knowledge character in some certain chapter.
By it self, because it touch about administration knowledge, so at the first chapter need to research about what is the administration knowledge. In that case we will know the similarity and difference with a discipline by other close science, management. In that side, philosophy of administration knowledge with this position in organization management need to discuss shortly. The pressuring is at knowledge domain which placed by administration knowledge it self.
Be related to organization theory, over here will research the development or “evolution” organization theory during the period. The period is three is allotment b three phase, that is classic, modern, and post-modern. It likes the allotment of Mary Jo Hatch (1997). But symbolic perspective-interpretive on Hatch isn’t attached here. The reason is there are too little application or theoretical contribution which can examine by this perspective. Into the bargain, there are resemblance with post-modern at the case of subjectivity. In other words, if we understand about subjectivity in the post-modern side, maybe it isn’t difficult to understand in the same side at the symbolic-interpretive phenomenological. However, such on some research in this book we still review the opinion from interpretive symbolic when it’s needed.
Theory, Organization , And Administration: Term of Explanation
The third technical term actually is so friendly, although including in Indonesian language, although the source is western language. The word theory, organization, and administration certainly is not something different for us. But there are nothing worse to explaining the interpretations, in order that a certain kid of starting point which there are more easy when we study idea substantial which consist in thus explanation.
Theory
Theory is come from Latin language theoria (or Greek language theoros) which mean spectator or observer, it is the person who observe, witnessed ,or see. While the verb theoro, means see (look at). The Oxford English Dictionary explaining that theory is : 1. a supposition or system of ideas explaining something; 2. a speculative (esp. fanciful) view; 3. the sphere of abstract knowledge of speculative thought; 4. the exposition of the principles of a science; 5. Math. A collection of propositions to illustrate the principle of a subject. So, theory means the result of a research or person eyesight which then abstraction (and occasionally development in a speculative manner), arranged by proposition, and at this turn used for communicated in a short manner and compact in research result.
In daily life, the word theory frequently contrasted with practical. Maybe someone fed up with his chat foe because it’s too much to suggest what which “should” or “ideal”, whereas the real condition is so far from the concept. Usually afterwards say “Ah, it’s just a theory …!” thus usually we listened. In scientific tradition, this case certainly impossible to happen. Every theory must supported by facts, and fundamentally the facts is the practical it self. A theory will fall it self and reputed and invalid if contrast with the facts. Certainly, how far validity a theory is another problem. The supporters will support furiously that the theory is valid, while the critical will try and didn’t lose persevering to verified that the theory is fault or agree with the fact. But, once again, a theory in scientific context fundamentally always support by the facts or practical.
Mary Jo Hatch (1997:9) definite theory as “an explanation, that is, it is an attempt to explain a segment of experience in the world”. Right here, theory understand specifically, it’s a means to give an explanation in some sectors. It’s intend with phenomenon of interest, that’s the main case from a theory. For example, organization theory means theories which the interest sector as for organization.
More far, in a theory contain some concept which mutually connected shaping whole explanation about research phenomenon. In the same manner as definition from Oxford dictionary which already research before, the theory is consist from system of ideas or arranged ideas until shaping an ideas system. The connection between a concept with the other concept usually explain the logic or some certain idea system. It’s often said proportions. The example of proportion : if x then y. It means “if condition of x completed, then y will happened”. Certainly, logic or idea system in a theory is have multiple diverse of many kinds, is not only cause of reason-result. But fundamentally, a theory is relations from a set concept which supported to give an image which desire the theory maker.
Theory occasionally isn’t easy to understanding. The reason is cause the abstract character. Understanding in a thought manner maybe is not an easy task, especially if we haven’t readiness to search the new or foreign materials. But, a something difficult isn’t mean unbeneficial. Moreover frequently in the other way, in some case (visible) difficult thus contain a huge practical usefulness. A specialist said, nothing more practical than an useful theory. With bearing a better theory certainly someone will easily to handle a practical cases which related to assembling knowledge in the field.
Behind every theory usually contained of assumptions which shaping a viewpoint of the theory maker. In a general way, the assumptions isn’t find as explicit. It’s often makes our difficulty. But, fundamentally, there are only two system of fundamental which making difference thus assumptions, that is objective system and subjective system. The first system assumption that reality is outboard of an observer. It’s mean, reality as objective may fathomable, appreciable, and comparable with on speaking terms. The second system assumption that reality isn’t separate with the observer. It means between the observer with the other can see other cases in a same object. The classical organization theories and modern usually come from objectivity system, while the most modern thinker generation (that is pot-modern theories and symbolic-interpretive) more disposed at subjectivity assumptions. Then, we will see farther how the different perspective cause different theories about organization and administration.
Organization
Organization come from Greek language organon, means “tool” (tool). This word belong to Roman language, as organization and then in the French language (14 century) as organization. Initially explanation isn’t made reference to object or process, but human body or another biology creature. Unequal to mechanical tool, organon consist of parts which arranged and coordinated until able to operate some certain function dynamically. Human’s arm or a grasshopper foot have similarity in dynamic movement function. So, organon made reference to regularity or some certain system which enable a function to operated by human’s body or biology creature. This explanation still ever until now. The word “body’s organ”, “organic”, “organism” usually always refer to biology creature. Latter, this word used for describe arranged or managed many human activity (fine with institution / organization o not ), as a purpose to operate a function or certain purpose. It’s “organization” in modern explanation.
The organization’s main characteristic may brief in 3-P, that is: purpose, people, and plan (Gerloff, 1985:6). Something isn’t said to be if haven’t purposes (purposes), people (people), and plan (plan). In “plan” aspect consist the others character, as system, structure, design, strategy, and process, all of it designed to actuate people substance (people) to reach various purpose which have to decided. Most of all organization definition talk about thus three case related accordingly.
Just a little example, Mills and Mills (2000: 58) definite organization as: “specific collectivities of people whose activities are coordinated and controlled in and for the achievement of defined goals”. Organization is human special collectivities which activities coordinate and controlling in and to reach various destiny which have to established. While that, C. Argyris, one or the other main figure which begin viewed about importance of learning (learning) in organization, definite organization as follows (see at Dunsire, 1973: 112): “organizations are grand strategies individuals create to achieve objectives that require the effort of many”. Organizations is a big strategy which made by individuals in order to reach various purpose which needs effort from many people. Attention that 3-P substance aren’t free by this two definition.
Dissimilarity in organization definition is dependent to viewpoint. If we see organization as social system, so we will definite concerned with something bigger, that is people. Gerloff (1985: 3), for example, copy a portion of Peter F. Drucker’s opinion that is, in order to explain relevancy between organization and management:
“Management is an organ of an institution; and the institution, whether a business or a public service, is turn on organ of society, existing to make special contribution and to discharge specific social functions.”
According to Drucker, management is an organ of an institution; and the institution, whether a business or a public service, is turn on organ of society, existing to make special contribution and to discharge specific social functions.
Although isn’t precisely in definite organization, this Drucker viewpoint is clear see organization by social system viewpoint. While Mills and Mills definition which copy a portion above, view organization by cultural aspect. They emphasize word ‘collectivities of people’, where interpretation of culture or cultural usually always be related to collectivities. There is Agrarys, clear emphasize in cognitive aspect. He use word ‘grand strategies’ (big strategies), which certainly made by cognition or human mind as individuals (individuals).
Hatch (1997:9) explain that organization may definite with various method. We may see as social structure, technology, culture, physical structure, or part (sub-system) of range. But for easily to remember, the establish substances in organization (anything viewpoint which used to definite) that’s always 3-P: purposes, people, and plan. In the same manner as have explained.
If we prefer length definition, maybe this example will leave a lot. E. Wight Bakke (see at Dunsire, 1973: 112), definite organization as:
“a continuing system of differentiated and coordinated human activities utilizing, transforming, and welding together a specific set of human, material, capital, ideational, and natural resources into a unique problem-solving whole engaged in satisfying particular human needs in interaction with other system human activities and resources in this environment.”
May significance as: Organization is a continuing system of differentiated and coordinated human activities utilizing, transforming, and welding together a specific set of human, material, capital, ideational, and natural resources into a unique problem-solving whole engaged in satisfying particular human needs in interaction with other system human activities and resources in this environment.
It’s a complete and detail definition. But maybe, rather difficult to remember. For more simply, we will used Stephen P. Robbins as follows: An organization is a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively identifiable boundary, that functions on a relatively, continous basic to achieve a common goal or set of goals (Robbins, 1990:4)

An organization is a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively identifiable boundary, that functions on a relatively, continous basic to achieve a common goal or set of goals.